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====== How to use WebSDR sites ====== 
This page is intended to serve as a basic guide for using '[[http://websdr.org/|WebSDR]]' to listen to radio activity in your web browser. If you want to learn how to setup your own SDR, click [[sdr_setup|here]].

===== What is SDR? =====
<WRAP round box 500px right>
{{ :waterfall_example.png |}}
An example of a spectrogram 'waterfall' showing a section of the 2m band. The left most column is a strong signal of someone speaking using FM, with other transmissions to the right of it. Different sorts of transmissions (or interference) appear differently and you can learn to differentiate them just by looking. 
</WRAP>
'SDR' or '[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radio|Software-Defined Radio]]' is a radio system where part of the radio's operation is handled by software instead of the more typical analogue components. One of the main benefits to using an SDR is that it enables you to use an interface on a computer to control a radio and its operation. You could, for example, use a computer headset/microphone to speak with your radio, or use a keyboard as the 'PTT' button. Another feature which is ubiquitous to SDR software is being able to view a '[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrogram|spectrogram]]', where you can see a visual representation of part of the radio spectrum. You will likely hear spectrograms referred to as 'waterfalls' because the spectrum is often displayed in a way where it moves vertically, although there are other layouts available. 


===== What is WebSDR? =====
'WebSDR' is a worldwide system of internet-connected SDR receivers which allow you to listen to various radio bands and view a waterfall in your browser. It was developed by [[https://ptdeboer.personalweb.utwente.nl/|Dr. ir. Pieter-Tjerk de Boer (PA3FWM)]], a Dutch associate Professor at the University of Twente. The [[http://websdr.org/|website]] has a list of available SDRs which you can filter by band and region, as well as a worldwide map at the very bottom of the page. WebSDR differs from some other internet-connected SDRs in that many users can access the recievers independently and tune to different signals. There are some other systems available now which are similar in this aspect, such as '[[http://kiwisdr.com/public/ |KiwiSDR]]'.


===== How to get started =====
<WRAP round box 500px right>
{{ :hack_green_sdr.png |}}
The Hack Green website, in all its web 1.0 glory. (Note: this is the HF site, there is a link at the top to switch to the VHF one instead.) 
</WRAP>
Getting started is as easy as selecting an SDR from the list, though for this guide we will be using the [[http://hackgreensdr.org:8901/|Hack Green]] SDR, which is based in the //sunny// county of Cheshire, England. It may be easier to follow along using this, as there are some visual differences between the different sites. Hopefully, once you are comfortable with using this one, you can experiment with the others and find your own way. 

You //should// hear the SDR audio as soon as you open the page, likely just static. A note at the top of the page states that Firefox users might have to change permissions to allow websites to auto-play audio but I've never had an issue with this. There are some [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_button|radio buttons]]((I was interested to find that the name 'radio buttons' did in fact come from actual radios. Maybe you will find it interesting, too.)) to change if the waterfall and/or audio use Java or HTML5. It defaults to HTML5 and the vast majority of users likely want to keep it that way, as Java isn't natively supported in many browsers anymore. 

Once you are hearing sound and seeing a waterfall, you're ready to start.
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===== Interface =====
 {{ hack_green_sdr_interface.png |}}
== Name ==
First off, you may want to add your name/alias/callsign in the box above the waterfall, if you leave it blank then you will get a generic one. You can view other users in the black rows beneath the waterfall. The different rows are each a different band of HF, with the white numbers being the frequency. The colourful names are other users who are listening, with their position correlating to the frequency they are tuned to. You can see my callsign (M7TOX) on the 4th row, between 7000 and 7050. You may find it useful to try and tune to where others are listening, because if there's a few people listening then there's likely something happening on that frequency.

== Waterfall controls == 
  * Zoom in and out with the scroll wheel whilst your mouse is over the waterfall. 
  * Click the scroll wheel and drag left or right to move the waterfall without changing what you're tuned to. 
  * Left clicking somewhere underneath the white frequency numbers will tune you to that area.
  * Hovering your mouse over the yellow bandpass will highlight the middle or the sides. Highlighting the side and clicking lets you drag the boundaries wider or narrower, whilst hovering in the middle and clicking will let you move the whole thing by dragging. 

== Frequency ==
You can manually enter a frequency here, which may be easier if you want to be exact. The input is limited by the band you are on, so if you try and enter 6000 on the 40m band, it won't tune because that's outside the limit (there is a little leeway either side though). The buttons below the input box are useful for nudging the frequency up or down by a little '+', a bit more '++', or quite a lot '+++'. I recommend using these little buttons for fine tuning as it's a bit easier than dragging with the mouse.

The memory bit here lets you store the current frequency and bandwidth mode, which you can use 'recall' to return to. This might be useful if there's always something going on around a certain frequency like a repeater. 

== Band ==
The radio buttons here let you switch between the different available bands. Don't forget that HF band availability vary at different times of day and due to various magical (scientific) reasons, so some bands may seem quiet if that band is 'closed'. Have a look online for HF band availability for the current forecast.

== Bandwidth ==
This bit is potentially the easiest bit to get wrong as a beginner. They are arranged in columns, if that wasn't evident. The left 'wider' and 'narrower' change the width of the yellow bandpass selector, although generally you won't need to very often. 'CW'((Continuous Wave (Morse code) )) is for morse, 'LSB' is used for frequencies below 10MHz, 'USB' is for frequencies above 10MHz. AM is twice as wide as SSB, for reasons that you can discover yourself by researching what SSB is (I recommend you do so, you'll need to for getting your license), so if you see something that looks twice as wide as the SSB signals, it might be regular AM. Some bands use FM more readily than AM modes, especially VHF. You can tell if something is FM because it will be symmetrical and looks like how a voice audio waveform looks on programs that show you the audio visually. Some of these have wide/narrow options, which may improve how well you can hear the signal, though generally it's fine on the 'standard' setting rather than the 'narrow' one. 

== Waterfall view ==
Zooming can be done here if you don't have a scroll wheel. You can set the speed of the waterfall, though I find medium is fine. Fast seems to make things dissapear a little too quickly for me but that's just preference. I recommend changing the size to large. The view here can be changed from the standard waterfall view to 'weak signals' or 'strong signals', it mostly changes the background noise visability to make seeing one or the other a bit easier. There is also an option for 'Spectrum', which you can see below. It's more 'real-time' than the waterfall, meaning you can't see what happened a few seconds ago, but areas where the spectrum is taller is where things are happening. You also can't really tell what a signal is just from looking at it, so it's potentially less useful.
{{spectrum.png}} 

== The audio panel ==
The panel next to the 'waterfall view' has a few different options. 
  * The green bar shows the signal strength, which is what people use to give readability/signal reports. When you hear someone say '5/9', the '9' bit is because the green bar here reads 9, and is a feature on lots of radios, analogue or SDR.
  * Mute: I'm sure you can work this one out on your own
  * squelch: This turns a squelch function on, filtering out the static in the background and only playing audio when the signal strength is high enough the software feels there is a transmission. If squelch is ticked //on//, but you can't hear anything when the waterfall looks as though there is something there, try turning it off. There may be a faint signal that the squelch is blocking. 
  * Notch1/Notch2: two options for trying to filter out unwanted beeps and noises, you can use one, both, or none. I don't find it particularly useful. 
  * High Boost: Might make quiet signals easier to hear.
  * DSP Noise Reduction: Might make signals less static-y, or easier to hear. Try it in combination with High boost if you like. 
  * Audio Recording: If you click start, it will start recording the audio output and when you click stop it will produce a dowload link. Note: It also makes an error message on my browser, but still works fine if you click the download button, so your mileage may vary. 

== Logbook == 
You can log callsigns of heard stations and a comment here if you like. The buttons here also let you see the logbook itself. Interesting to have a read through to notice patterns or clusters of transmissions, or if you're wondering if anyone heard your own transmissions. 


====== Step by Step ======
Follow these steps for a short adventure across the 40m band. It's a reasonably active band and is a good place to start (In the author's opinion).

  * Open the Hack Green SDR (Make sure you're on the HF one, not the VHF one. If you click [[http://hackgreensdr.org:8901/|>this link<]], you'll be in the right place.)
  * Enter your name or callsign, if you like.
  * Select the 40m band. 
  {{40m_band.png}}
  * Type in '7000' into the Frequency box, or drag the bandpass slider across to somewhere near. This is the bottom of the 40m band, which has different sections of it for different things. Have a look on the [[https://rsgb.org/main/operating/band-plans/hf/7mhz/|RSGB page on 40m]] for info on what is where. Note that '7MHz' is the same as '40m' and are used more or less interchangeably. 
  * Have a look around the lower end of the band, between 7000 and 7040 kHz. You may see some thin, broken lines. These are CW, or morse code.((I could point out that it's not actually a code, it's a cypher, but that would be incredibly pedantic.)) Make sure you have changed your bandwidth to 'CW-wide' or 'CW-narrow', probably just go for wide, and click underneath the signal on the waterfall to move the bandpass to that area.  
  {{cw_example.png}}
  * Adjust your frequency tuning either by dragging the yellow bit gently (finding out where to click to move it and not adjust the width takes a bit of practice), or by using the buttons underneath the frequency input box. 
  * You should be able to hear the CW now. 
  * Move up the band a little to between 7030 and 7060. You will probably see some signals here, they might be quite wide, or they might be thin. Switch to LSB and tune to it. The LSB bit doesn't really matter because this area of the band is for data and so it will sound robotic and strange, but having it on LSB will let you hear what that sounds like. 
  {{data.png}}
  * The rest of the band from 7060-7200 kHz is for SSB and is where you'll hear people talking. Have a scan around and look for vaguely rectangular columns. Use LSB because the frequency is below 10MHz and that's the accepted convention. You'll notice the signals are about the same width as the yellow bandpass bit. Try and tune to them, and adjust with the buttons rather than dragging for best results. You will find that using SSB modes you have to be a little more precise to stop the voices sounding distorted. 
  * Here is a signal I found, The horizontal lines are interferance and aren't significant for what we're doing. The yellow bandpass set to Lower side band mode and placed over the signal in a way that the audio is readable. Note the vertical bar on the right is placed just on the side of the signal, whilst the horizontal line is approximately the width of the signal.
  {{lsb.png}}
  * Here is a weaker signal, it's harder to see but it's still understandable. You will have to adjust the frequency and the various settings to get a good sound out of signals like this. 
  {{weak_lsb_signal.png}}
  * Here is a stronger signal beside another signal that is very close to it on the left, making it look a bit like one signal that's thicker than the others. You may have to adjust the left side of the bandpass to stop picking up the one to the left. 
  {{stronger_lsb_signal.png}}
  
  
===== In closing ===== 
That's all there is to it! Most WebSDR sites are similar but may have slightly different interfaces and options, so have a play and see what happens. You can't break anything so you might as well try out all the buttons. 

Next, maybe try out the Hack green VHF site, particularly the 2m band as this often has some chatter during UK daytime. Then have a look around some other sites, maybe in a different country to you, or on different bands. If you are using a WebSDR in ITU region 2, the 40m amateur band can be wider up to 7300MHz so there may be more space to look around. Also, 7200MHz is somewhat infamous in the US for being the target of disruptive behaviour, so if you hear weird goings on around that frequency, that's why.

Remember to have a look at the bandplans to see which frequencies to look at, and remember <10MHz = LSB, >10MHz = USB.  

If you haven't already, consider joining the OARC discord server, which is incredibly active and full of helpful and knowledgeable people who can answer any questions you have. 

I hope you enjoyed this guide and found it useful, I made it because I couldn't find a similar guide aimed at beginners when I was starting out. If you enjoyed it, please let me know in the OARC discord. Also, it probably goes without saying, but feel free to add to this guide if you see fit. :)
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73's - M7TOX (Connor)